EVs certainly mark the path to a more environmentally friendly future, but there are still concerns around the sourcing of certain components or materials within EVs. As the market for EVs expands rapidly, the demand for components like electric motors does so along with it, says IDTechEx.
In 2021, the demand for EV motors is expected to increase by 40% in the car market alone, IDTechEx says. Electric motors literally drive EVs, but many designs utilize kilograms of magnetic materials. These magnets rely heavily on rare-earth materials like neodymium and dysprosium, which are expensive, produce lots of waste and have various mining concerns.
The problem
The supply chain for rare earths is extremely constrained geographically, IDTechEx says. China accounts for the vast majority of worldwide production which has historically led to price volatility. Back in 2011, China restricted exports of rare earths seeing an approximate price rise of 750% and 2000% for neodymium and dysprosium, respectively. Prices since have remained fairly stable aside from a 1.5 fold increase in 2017 thanks to environmental reforms in China. 2021 is proving to be especially volatile, with a 2.2 fold increase at the start of the year which has yet to settle down.
In addition to the price concerns, there are environmental concerns. Rare earths are extracted from ores which can contain radioactive materials, such as thorium, and extracting the required rare earths typically uses a huge amount of carcinogenic compounds like ammonia, hydrochloric acids, and sulphates. It has been estimated that processing 1 tonne of rare earths can produce up to 2,000 tonnes of toxic waste.
The solution
Electric drive motors come in many different designs, the most popular being permanent magnet machines, but some designs do not require permanent magnets (and hence rare-earths), IDTechEx says. The induction motor utilizes a copper or aluminum cage on its rotor, this design has been used historically by Tesla for its Model S and X. Some have adopted a wound rotor configuration with copper windings on the rotor such as Renault for its Zoe. Some, especially in heavy-duty or commercial vehicle segments, are opting for the switched reluctance motor which has a silicon steel rotor without the need for magnets or copper on the rotor.
Typically, permanent magnet motors present better power density and efficiency, hence why so many use them. As well as eliminating the magnets, there are efforts to reduce the rare-earth content, or at least heavy rare-earth content, of the magnets. OEMs such as Honda and Nissan have reduced or eliminated the heavy rare-earth component.
What is actually happening?
Despite the above concerns, according to IDTechEx research (Electric Vehicle Motors 2022-2032), in 2020, 77% of the electric car market used permanent magnet motors, a ratio that has remained fairly consistent over the past five years, IDTechEx says.
The huge neodymium price spike in 2011 may have factored into the decision by Renault to continue with its wound rotor design and for the development of Audi’s induction motors used for the e-tron, but, in general, with the settled price, we are seeing more announcements of a switch to permanent magnets. In 2018, Tesla adopted a permanent magnet motor for its Model 3 onwards while keeping an induction motor on the front axle and Audi’s new Q4 e-tron for 2021 takes a similar approach. One key player who has recently made the switch to a wound rotor design is BMW for its 5th gen drive system which will power their next-generation EVs including the iX3, i4, and others.
While we have seen some differentiation in the European market, as China largely controls the rare-earth supply, the price volatility is not as much of a concern and they are unlikely to shift away from permanent magnet machines. With China being one of the largest EV markets, this means that permanent magnet motors are here to stay.
Automotive development timescales are long, normally on the scale of several years, and with the neodymium price volatility in 2021, we could see a few more announcements about the reduction of rare earths in the next few years, IDTechEx says.
The U.S. attempts to compete
The U.S. has made previous attempts to increase its involvement in the rare-earth supply chain and now the Biden Administration has made it one of its priorities under the $2 trillion infrastructure proposal. MP Materials bought a previously closed mine in California in 2017, vying to restore the U.S.’s rare-earth supply chain with a focus on neodymium and praseodymium, and is hoping to become the lowest-cost producer. MP Materials are planning to complete its goals by 2025 ready for the ramp-up of EV production in the U.S. Lynas Corporation has received government funding for a processing plant in Texas for light rare-earths and has another contract for a heavy rare-earth separation facility also in Texas. Despite these goals and investments, China has invested approximately double the U.S. in the energy-related transition over the last decade. The U.S. will certainly have a big task to try and compete with China, especially on cost and we would expect China to remain dominant at least in the short term.
Outlook
With China’s current dominance of rare-earth supply, they are likely to continue to use permanent magnet motors in a big way. In the EU, we are seeing some differentiation in motor designs in order to avoid rare-earths but, in general, they are further converging on permanent magnet designs for their superior efficiency and power density. However, efforts are being made to decrease the utilization of magnetic materials and especially heavy rare-earths. Even with these decreases, IDTechEx expects the neodymium volume demand from battery-electric vehicles in 2032 to be 11 times the demand experienced in 2021.
